Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations Terms, 1987, p. Public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television. – Crocker Snow Jr., Acting Director Edward R. Public diplomacy that traditionally represents actions of governments to influence overseas publics within the foreign policy process has expanded today-by accident and design-beyond the realm of governments to include the media, multinational corporations, NGO's and faith-based organizations as active participants in the field. Henrikson, Professor of Diplomatic History, April 2005. Public diplomacy may be defined, simply, as the conduct of international relations by governments through public communications media and through dealings with a wide range of nongovernmental entities (political parties, corporations, trade associations, labor unions, educational institutions, religious organizations, ethnic groups, and so on including influential individuals) for the purpose of influencing the politics and actions of other governments. – Nancy Snow, Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, Public diplomacy's 21st century trend is dominated by fractal globalization, preemptive military invasion, information and communication technologies that shrink time and distance, and the rise of global non-state actors (terror networks, bloggers) that challenge state-driven policy and discourse on the subject. Schuker (former senior director for public affairs at the National Security Council), July 2004 Public diplomacy – effectively communicating with publics around the globe – to understand, value and even emulate America's vision and ideas historically one of America's most effective weapons of outreach, persuasion and policy. – Carnes Lord (former deputy director of USIA), professor of statecraft and civilization, October 1998 Support of national policy in military contingencies is one such role, and probably the most important. The most important roles public diplomacy will have to play for the United States in the current international environment will be less grand-strategic and more operational than during the Cold War. Over time, the concept and definition of public diplomacy have evolved, as demonstrated by the following statements from various practitioners: It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy communication between those whose job is communication, as diplomats and foreign correspondents and the process of intercultural communications. deals with the influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy, and Cull writes "An early Murrow Center brochure provided a convenient summary of Gullion's concept": It is used merely as a synonym for civility in a piece criticizing the posturing of President Franklin Pierce." Cull writes that Edmund Gullion, dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and a distinguished retired foreign service officer, "was the first to use the phrase in its modern meaning." In 1965, Gullion founded the Edward R. Cull of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy writes, "The earliest use of the phrase 'public diplomacy' to surface is actually not American at all but in a leader piece from the London Times in January 1856. In his essay "'Public Diplomacy' Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase," Nicholas J. Its practitioners use a variety of instruments and methods ranging from personal contact and media interviews to the Internet and educational exchanges. As the international order has changed over the twentieth century, so has the practice of public diplomacy. In international relations, public diplomacy or people's diplomacy, broadly speaking, is any of the various government-sponsored efforts aimed at communicating directly with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence with the aim that this foreign public supports or tolerates a government's strategic objectives. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( January 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic.
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