At the end of the day, though, even they are still subject to the functional limitations I listed. To be fair, I have seen some interesting and attractive graphic features in other people’s switchboards, along with some innovative layouts. They all began to look alike to me and they all shouted “Access Newbie.” And, after a while, I just got tired of looking at the chunky, square switchboards themselves. Users especially disliked having to click on a button to close one form in order to reveal the menu underneath it just so they could click another button (or series of buttons) to navigate to yet another menu where they could open another form or report. Not only was it cluttered, many users found it confusing and cumbersome. To make matters worse, with switchboard-style navigation the forms tended to pop open one on top of the other–or on top of the switchboard menus. Quite quickly, I ended up with multiple layers of menus–and lots of confusion on my users’ part as they drilled down through all those layers and back up to move from function to function in the database. And, of course, adding a second page meant using another button to navigate to it, leaving only six functional buttons on the main page. I soon discovered that I also had to use one of the eight buttons to close the database, which meant I could have no more than seven functional buttons on the main page. However, for me at least, the excitement was short-lived.įirst, I discovered the Switchboard Wizard limited the number of buttons that I could use to eight per page. As an organizing principle, the switchboard concept had some real advantages. The Switchboard provided a central platform from which all of the functions in the database could be launched. The Switchboard Wizard helped put a professional-looking face on your databases with very little experience or expertise on your part. Skip the discussions on Switchboards by clicking hereĭo you remember how excited you were the first time you discovered the Switchboard Wizard in Access? With your input, the wizard did all the heavy lifting to create a menu system to guide your users through the forms and reports in your brand-new application. George Hepworth takes you from design to implementation as he shows you how he creates Dynamic Menus.
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As for the wallpapers, get them from here. Youre limited to a particular set of colors, but you. You can check out the below video for the steps as well. What to Know Open Shortcuts app > tap plus (+) sign > Add Action > follow the prompts. There are multiple versions of the wallpaper, with different resolutions available for the iPhone X, iPhone XS Max, iPhone XR, and iPhone 8. I don’t really recommend this one since the folders look a bit out of their place with their missing outline. ColorFolder Master on Mac App Store is one of the favorite Apps to help you change the folder color, drag/drop the folder in your finder into ColorFolder Master. There’s another variation of the wallpaper where you can get the dock to have the same color as the wallpaper. You are limited by the colors offered by the special wallpapers. Rearrange the Browse screen Tap at the top of the Browse screen, tap Edit, then do any of the following: Hide a location: Turn the location off. Tap Sorted by, then choose an option: Name, Date, Size, Kind, or Tags. There’s only one catch here: you cannot select a custom solid color as the dock background yourself. Change how files and folders are sorted From an open location or folder, drag down from the center of the screen. You will now see that the dock has a custom solid background, with the folder background also having the same background. Proceed to set the downloaded image as your still wallpaper and go back to your home screen. Then, before setting it as your wallpaper, head over to Settings -> General -> Accessibility and enable the Reduce Transparency option. You can select any wallpaper you like, long press on it and select the ‘Save Image as’ option to save it on your device. You will have to download one of the many special wallpapers available over here. Cloud-based files are automatically saved to the cloud after you make a change. As for the trick, it involves changing the wallpaper on your iPhone or iPad and enabling the Reduce Transparency option. If you are looking to change the dock color on your iPhone or iPad running iOS 12 – iOS 12.1, you can do so using this simple trick.Īpart from the dock, the folders also pop since they now feature a dark background. If you click on a theme it will be applied to all the screens in the OWA client. If your Exchange admin enabled all the default themes (or installed new custom themes) use the arrows to scroll through the entire list. Click a Theme icon to change your OWA look. IOS 12 in its 12th iteration but Apple still does not allow any kind of home screen customizations except for moving the icons around. First, login to OWA and click the Options tab on the top right of the web client. I will be continuing on the paid version and I will see what gets extra because I didn’t get into the groups yet. It just basically becomes a food tracker app really. It goes, “okay, here’s the link, you’re done.” You can also still use the app in the free version where you don’t get the coach. It was nice that you just say, I want to quit. It’s very easy to cancel which I like because there are some products where you get into a subscription and you have to go through a ton of hoops to get out of that one subscription. There is also a free version so if you go beyond the two weeks you can. The pricing on that app was $59 a month, but if you want a food plan, it was extra. It was a little off-putting to me that I couldn’t access the app via the desktop. I’m more of a desktop or a laptop person. I cannot stand looking at that little screen all the time. You only can use it in your phone and I am not a phone person. The other downfall is that I didn’t like that it’s only an app. I dared to get the option to put them in manually myself, which is good, but again, kind of a pain in the butt and I found myself not doing it because the foods weren’t in there. That is probably why that they’re not in there. I have a specialized diet so I buy a lot of my food at health food stores and they’re not your typical shopping item. It was also a little off-putting that a lot of my foods were not in the app. I really don’t care to see what the actual number I weigh is, so that I thought was a little off-putting. The only thing I didn’t like about the app so far is that it asks you to weigh in every day. I am not quite sure how well the app is gonna work for me because I feel like I am a little bit different than the typical person. I knew my why and I knew why I was failing. It also has a psychological aspect to the app it really gets you to figure out your why and why you’re probably failing in your diet. “You need to do that, log your food.” It is kind of nice to have that extra little push to get you motivated. Your coach will text you and say, “Hey, you haven’t logged in the app lately. It gives you little notifications and it’ll actually text you. The app does promote you to make sure that you track it. I found a lot of them I couldn’t do because of my food allergies, but a normal person probably could use them. They do have some recipes that you can follow. It is always great to be able to interact with people like that. You get into a group with a bunch of other individuals that are trying to lose weight or achieve some sort of health goal. There is also group coaching too, which is nice. I’m gonna try that a little bit later on. Once you get to the paid part, I’m wondering if that will change a little bit. I have not gone past the two week trial yet. I’m not sure if it was an actual person or if it was just a bot with saying all that stuff. Although, I felt like the coach was a little robotic. It asks stuff that you should know that we never actually sit down and figure out. This app had a lot of reading in the beginning, and it did have a lot of setup, which is good because it actually is asking you questions of what level you’re at, what do you want to achieve, what are your goals, what’s your why, etc. So I signed up for their two-week free trial and it is, it’s more of an app to kind of guide you through things. I wasn’t sure if it was like a tracker app or if it was a food eating system or what it actually was. They were pretty much on my Facebook feed all day, all the time. I found this app because probably like you, I have been inundated with ads from them. I’ve been using those to help me keep track of the food I’m eating, exercise, calorie intake, and all of that good stuff for the past 2 weeks. So I have chosen two apps to try out: Noom and Chronometer. I am a workaholic so I tend to push away some of my health goals in order to do some of my geeky stuff. That is my goal for this year and I’m trying to get back on track. Before you know it you’ve gained 10 pounds, your diet is just all over the place, and it’s time to start over. If you are like me, you get so good in your health, then you get in a pattern, and then it slowly deteriorates. That is actually the strategy I used for this trip as my recent driving resulted in far better efficiency than I anticipated on this trip, and the Trend Bars are not available until after driving for a while.Īs I was getting ready to leave, I took a snapshot of my DIC. In many ways, this strategy is similar to how people drive internal combustion vehicles that only have a gas gauge and no projected range display. However, on the side of the coin, if you’ve been driving around town all week and see a projected range of 300 miles, don’t expect to get that much range out of a single battery charge driving at 75 mph. If you get into a Bolt EV on a sunny, 70 degree day and see 150 miles of projected range on a full battery, you’re more than likely going to exceed that. This works both positively and negatively. Each green bar can represent 10 miles or more of driving range, which means that by the time it ticks down to the next green bar, you might have used far more energy than you realized to travel just a few miles.įinally, the Range Estimator isn’t a promise. For electric vehicles with 200 or more miles of range, the 5% increments start to become an issue. Ultimately, as the driver, you are responsible for knowing where you are going and how you plan to drive there.Īnother key limitation of the Range Estimator is that it doesn’t provide the battery level in 1% increments. It doesn’t sync with Google Maps or a navigation system, so it can’t account for the driving speeds, topography, or weather that you might encounter in the future. One of the biggest limitations people must understand about the Bolt EV’s Range Estimator is that it is not a route planner. Any factors that deviate from the information it currently has access to will affect the accuracy of your projected range. The Range Estimator can only calculate based on recent driving history and current conditions. Yes, the Chevy Bolt EV’s Range Estimator is a powerful tool while taking trips, but it still is limited. Limitations of the Bolt EV's Range Estimator The minimum projected range is very pessimistic, and it tends to fluctuate much less (and to a much lesser degree) than the average and maximum projected ranges. If the Trend Bars are not present, the Range Estimator is telling you that your current driving best aligns with the average projected range.Īs you drive, the Range Estimator is constantly seeking equilibrium with the trend bars, which is why the maximum and average projected ranges tend to fluctuate over the course of a long drive. The Trend Bars account for current energy consumption from driving and onboard systems, and indicate whether you are trending toward your minimum or maximum projected range. The Range Estimator feature most people seem to overlook is the Trend Bars, which is unfortunate because they are in my opinion one of the most useful aspects of the Bolt EV’s range estimator. Also like most other EVs, the Bolt EV’s Range Estimator displays the battery's state of charge (percent full), which is shown in 5% increments. While the Bolt EV’s Range Estimator, does include an average projected range, just like every other EV, it also provides maximum and average projected ranges that based on recent driving history, current conditions, and climate control settings. So why do so many drivers seem to have issues with the Range Estimator’s accuracy? From what I can see, it is because those drivers are focusing only on the projected range numbers rather than the Range Estimator as a whole. In my opinion, the Bolt EV's Range Estimator is one of the most accurate range projection tools available in any EV today. What Is the Chevy Bolt EV Range Estimator?Ĭurrently, most other electric vehicle automakers only include the EV’s estimated range and available capacity on the Driver Information Center (DIC) display however, GM chose to build a more complex tool to display additional information that updates in real-time. To illustrate, I will share some images of my Range Estimator during a recent trip to point out how it varies over time with various types of driving. In this story, I will describe the difference between the Chevy Bolt EV’s projected range and its Range Estimator, and I will explain how to use each element of the Bolt EV’s Range Estimator. Its appearance in your timeline signals status: You went to the place. It’s elusive and aspirational, something instantly recognizable yet only minimally available, the product of a long line (a ramen burger or matcha croissant) or a trans-continental flight (going all the way to Tokyo for a Gudetama waffle). Over-the-top, intensely trend-driven, and visually arresting, Instagram food is almost always something to be obtained, rather than cooked or created. Food thrives on social networks because of its easy, graphic appeal and pan-demographic interest - we all have to eat, right? But while Facebook has become a repository of time-lapse recipe videos for quick weeknight dinners that often prominently feature, for some reason, canned biscuit in dough, and Pinterest traffics largely in mason jars, do-it-yourself projects and the protein-packed simplicity of an egg baked inside half an avocado, Instagram has thrown its lot in with spectacle. That’s not only because Instagram is a widely used and intensely visual medium, but also because its emergent aesthetic tropes are as essential to the zeitgeist as baby tees and brown lipstick were to the 90s. When I say “Instagram food,” you probably know exactly what I’m talking about. This, of course, presents a problem for marketers: How do you sell food to a group of people that American culture has harassed into a near-universally fraught relationship with your products? It turns out the answer is easy: Just give them something to do with food that isn’t eating it. For the young women who constitute Instagram’s target demographic - the desired audience of both for the corporations that sell products and the influencers who pretend not to be advertising them - even eating something as innocuous as a sad desk salad at work can come along with casual policing from whoever happens to be within view, and I can’t think of a single category of food that, in my 31 years on earth, I haven’t been warned about by some busybody whose opinion I haven’t asked for. Social media has proved beyond a shadow of a doubt that everyone loves to gaze at food (if that were a thing that even needed proving), but the question of who’s eating what, and how much of it, is a much thornier one, especially when it comes to women. Here’s the important part: Even if you just did it for the 'gram, you’ll have to swear up and down that you cleaned your plate. Maybe a sushi donut, or something covered in glitter that isn’t usually covered in glitter, or a confection so full of food coloring that its bitterness needs to be evened out with massive amounts of sugar. Fourth, you are obligated to, at some point, post pictures of food. No one needs to know why, or what you’re vacationing from, you’ve just got to go on vacation all the time. Second, as in most public-attention-based endeavors, be young, female, and conventionally attractive. First of all, be famous, or at least related to someone famous, and if you can’t be famous, at least have the decency to be rich. There are rules for being an Instagram influencer. If you want to write an Eater Voices essay, please send us a couple paragraphs explaining what you want to write about and why you are the person to write it to. First-time writer? Don’t worry, we’ll pair you with an editor to make sure your piece hits the mark. This is Eater Voices, where chefs, restaurateurs, writers, and industry insiders share their perspectives about the food world, tackling a range of topics through the lens of personal experience. Brushing twice every day with Sensodyne True White gently lifts stains for whiter teeth, while also providing relief and lasting protection from sensitivity pain. How can I whiten sensitive teeth Toggle Button. Crest Tartar Protection Toothpaste gives you a cavity treatment that helps take care of. Some drugs may have Authority Required (Streamlined) status which does not require an explicit approval from Medicare, instead the doctor can use the Authority code found in the published Schedule for a given drug/indication.īut still pharmacists cannot dispense the item as a pharmaceutical benefit unless it has the necessary Authority code. Using a daily sensitivity toothpaste, like Sensodyne, can relieve and protect against tooth sensitivity pain when used twice every day. Two-in-one application (toothpaste and MI Paste Plus) containing RECALDENT (CPP-ACP) and fluoride. Crest Toothpaste, Regular Paste, Tartar Protection, 5.7 Ounce. Pharmacists cannot dispense the item as a pharmaceutical benefit unless it has been approved by Medicare Australia (indicated by the presence of the approval number). Amazons Choicefor no flavor toothpaste Red Seal Lemon Toothpaste for Homeopaths, Homeopathic Friendly Mint Free, Fluoride Free, No SLS, Fresh Citrus Flavor Refreshing Natural Lemon Flavored Toothpaste, No Mint Flavor 3.5oz 3.5 Ounce (Pack of 2) 4.5 out of 5 stars256 13.9913.99(2.00/Ounce)14.9914.99 13. Prescriptions must be written on an Authority Prescription Form, and the approval number must be noted on the prescription. Authority may be obtained by telephone to Medicare Australia (known as "phone approval") or in writing from an authorised delegate of the Minister for Health. This prior approval to prescribe grants the doctor the Authority to prescribe the desired medicine and have it funded under the PBS.Īuthority to prescribe an Authority medicine is granted for specific indications and/or for certain patient circumstances. At home, you need to place a pea sized quantity on a gloved finger or cotton swab and apply it to the surface of your teeth. Some PBS medications are restricted and require prior approval from Medicare before a doctor is able to prescribe them on the PBS. MI Paste is easy to apply and application can be done by your dentist or at home. T Pin Box, Cushman & Denison, patented 1902 & 1904 By contrast, early paper clip advertisements do not refer to staples. In 1904, Clinch Clips were advertised as "Cheaper than Pins." Around 1910 advertisements compare paper clips to straight pins for temporary attachment of papers. With what products did paper clips compete most closely? The two earliest patents indicate that bent-wire paper clips could be used in lieu of pins, sewing, "pointed bent-over paper fasteners," and eyelets. Why weren't bent-wire paper clips marketed earlier? According to Petroski, "Steel wire was still new in the second half of the nineteenth century.he widespread manufacture and use of the paper clip had to await not only the availability of the right wire but also the existence of machinery capable of tirelessly and reliably bending it in a flash into things that could be bought for pennies a box." (Henry Petroski, "From Pins to Paper Clips," The Evolution of Useful Things, Vintage, New York, 1992, p. 173) This evidence indicates that paper clips came into widespread use in U.S. A 1900 trade publication stated that "The wire clip for holding office papers together has entirely superseded the use of the pin in all up-to-date offices." ( Business, March 1900, p. A flood of paper clip patents were issued beginning in 1897. When did paper clips come into widespread use in offices? A patent application filed at the end of 1896 indicated that a number of different paper clips were in use. They were not paper clips.Īdvertisement for Gem Paper Fasteners, Britain, 1881 However, the Early Office Museum has found an 1881 publication with an illustration that shows that Tower's Gem Paper Fasteners were staples with legs that were bent toward each other after they were manually inserted through slits cut in papers. This speculation is based at least in part on references to "Gem Paper Fasteners" in publications dating from 18 these publications did not contain either illustrations or verbal descriptions of these fasteners. Speculation that the Gem paper clip originated in Britain by the early 1880s is incorrect. And in a 1922 advertisement for the Gem paper clip, Cushman & Denison stated, "Thirty years ago we placed on the market the first 'Gem' Clip."Ĭushman & Denison Advertisement for Gem Paper Clips, 1922 In 1904, when Cushman & Denison applied for a trade mark for the Gem clip, the company stated that it had used the Gem brand name for clips since 1892. The Gem paper clip, which was never patented, but which became by far the best selling paper clip in the U.S., was introduced in 1892 and has been advertised since 1893. A third paper clip was patented by Frank Angell in 1889. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening newspapers. for a paper clip with the Fay patent design.Ī second paper clip design was patented by Erlman J. In 1918, the brand name "Fay" was used by the American Clip. However, beginning in the late 1890s and for decades thereafter, the Fay design was widely advertised under many brand names for use in fastening papers. It therefore appears unlikely that paper clips with the Fay design had significant, if any, sales prior to 1896. Also in 1896, the Cinch Clip Co., Buffalo, NY, was identified as the manufacturer of a paper clip named "Cinch," which also used the Fay design. Gorman was the New York, NY, distributor for a "new paperclip," named "Clinch " this clip used the Fay design. In 1896, the American Stationer announced that D. We have found no advertisement for, or other mention of, the Fay design until 1896. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, but the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together. When were paper clips introduced? The first paper clip was patented by Samuel B. This type of clip was also called a "letter clip." We consider these devices on our web page dealing with small filing devices. Recently some paper clips have been made of plastic, but these are not covered here.ĭuring the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term "paper clip" was also used to refer to a spring loaded clip that was generally two or more inches long. One (Nifty) was made by bending a wire into a spiral and then flattening it. Three others were stamped from sheet metal (Eureka, Sheet Brass Gothic, Proco) and another four (Angell, Utility, Vise, Acme Correspondence) were made by folding small pieces of resilient sheet steel. A large majority of different paper clip models were made by bending single pieces of resilient spring steel wire. What counts as a paper clip? For purposes of the discussion and timeline presented here, a paper clip is a flat or nearly flat piece of metal that slides over an edge of a set of papers and holds the papers together without being bent or pinched by the user and without piercing the papers. Advertisement for the Common-Sense Paper Clip the mod are simple to add new, interesting, and visually aesthetic units. The purchase money belonged to the state exchequer of Ranjit Singh, which was procured illegally by Gulab Singh, she added. BrewLAN is a mod for Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance that has been in on. Consequently,the British sold to him the state as a favour. Responding to a query by Congress leader and former Union Minister Jairam Ramesh with regard role of Gulab Singh-the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Vanit said the records say that the latter ditched the Sikh Army. The Wiki has a basic structure right now, but needs more information. Hari Singh Nalwa’s spectacular achievements exemplified the tradition established by Guru Gobind Singh such that he came to be hailed as the ‘Champion of the Khalsaji’,” Vanit said. Supreme Commander 2 Wiki Guide By IGN-GameGuides, IGN-Cheats, +94 more PC Cheats updated This page contains a list of cheats, codes, Easter eggs, tips, and other secrets for. This Wiki is for Supreme Commander 2, the sequel to the game Supreme Commander released by Gas Powered Games and Square Enix. “Two centuries on, British, Pakistan, Russia and America have been unsuccessful in effecting law and order in this region. An administrator and a military commander, Nalwa was unmatched, Vanit said. Ranjit Singh made him Govenor of Peshawar, Hazara and Kashmir-for a year. He expanded the frontier of “Sarkar Khalsaji” to the very mouth of the Khyber Pass in Afghanistan.Īmong his achievement include conquest of Kasur, Siakot, Attock, Multan, Kashur, Peshawar and Jamrud. The books that will be part of the series are those that have been based mainly on records of the National Archives of India.īorn in Gujranwala, now in Pakistan, Hari Singh was the Commander-in-Chief at the most turbulent North West Frontier of Ranjit Singh’s kingdom. The Mod itself, will be updated (1.1.9), soon with several new Content/Units. It includes several new designed Units or based ones form official unused Concept Artworks. The series was inaugurated by Director-General of National Archives of India, Pritam Singh. This is one of my three big Unitmods, which are planned for Supreme Commander Forged Alliance. The book titled ‘Hari Singh Nalwa: Champion of the Khalsaji (1791-1837)’ has been authored by Vanit Nalwa-a descendant of the iconic Sikh military commander. The National Archives of India under the Ministry of Culture on Friday launched its “Book Reading Series” titled ‘Archives Reads’ with a book on a legendary Commander-in-Chief of Sikh Khalsa Army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. This is especially true in the case of chest freezers, where the organization is key. Let’s be honest, one can never have enough baskets. Most models that we’ve listed above are garage-ready to serve all your mass storage needs, away from the hustle-bustle of the kitchen. This means that the food stays at the correct temperature in both chilly winters and on extra-hot summer days. Garage-Ready Qualityįreezers that are garage-ready contain heavy-duty insulation that is designed to withstand the extreme temperatures of the garage and basement. If by any chance your preferred freezer doesn’t already have a built-in security lock, then a wide variety of cheap heavy-duty locks are available to quickly be installed, without any hassle. Most deep freezer chests include this nifty feature which usually comes with a key that should be kept safe and easily accessible. Especially if you’re looking for a garage-ready freezer. So if you spot one that’s got enough room to fulfill your storage requirements paired with a sturdy rep, then you’re good to go. Keep in mind that the best chest freezer is the one that best serves your needs. A medium to large freezer chest of around 12 – 18 cubic feet would be best suited for a large family, whereas a mini-fridge is an excellent choice if you live on your own. The most popular size range is between 10 and 18 cubic feet-enough for 2 weeks’ worth of food storage. Once you’ve got all the answers to these questions, you can start narrowing down your options. How much space are you willing to donate to the freezer?.How many people is the freezer serving?.A general rule of thumb is to ask yourself the following questions before you make your purchase: With so many different sizes available in the market, it can get incredibly complicated when choosing a freezer. Many would prefer these to be upfront and accessible however, if you have kids in the house, then you may want to consider a freezer with controls that are out-of-reach for your little ones to get to. Another aspect that deserves attention is the location of said controls. The vast variety of controls could prove helpful in case of a faulty adjustment, to ensure your food isn’t going bad. The FDA sets a bar of 0 degrees Fahrenheit as the temperature required to keep the food generally edible. We wouldn’t call this trait an absolute necessity, however, it has its perks. This feature is particularly convenient for dark locations such as the garage or basement. Having some light inside comes in handy when depositing or extracting packages from the freezer. The only drawback is that food does not stay fresh for as long compared to the manually defrosting versions. The auto-defrost feature turns on immediately upon any temperature shift. On the other hand, automatic defrost freezers save the hassle of having to physically defrost the freezer. Having said that, chest freezers that manually defrost do allow the food to be preserved for longer periods of time without power. Not only is this approach more laborious and time-consuming, but the melted ice can also produce a mess (keep those buckets handy). What’s the difference? Put simply, manually defrosting the freezer requires all the food to be taken out while the door is left open as the ice is allowed to melt. When it comes to defrosting your chest freezer, either an automatic or a manual approach is used. In addition, the human foot exhibits unique morphological features, such as a longitudinal arch with an enlarged, robust calcaneus, and a well-developed plantar aponeurosis, which allows mechanical energy to be stored in the form of elastic energy and successively released during the contact of each foot ( Ker et al., 1987 Bramble and Lieberman, 2004 Stearne et al., 2016). By contrast, the hallux of the human foot is aligned in parallel with the other four digits as such, the prehensile function is not afforded. The foot of non-human primates, such as chimpanzees, has an opposable hallux that faces the other four digits to allow the grasping of objects. To adapt to habitual bipedal locomotion, the human foot has evolved significantly in the course of human evolution ( Morton, 1922 Weidenreich, 1923 Morton, 1924 Susman, 1983). This computational framework for a comparative investigation of the causal relationship among the morphology, kinematics, and kinetics of the foot may provide a better understanding regarding the functional significance of the morphological features of the human foot. Furthermore, the human foot can store elastic energy more effectively during axial loading for the effective generation of propulsive force in the late stance phase. Furthermore, the vertical free moment generated by the coupling motion of the calcaneus and tibia during axial loading is larger in the human foot, which can facilitate the compensation of the net yaw moment of the body around the COP during bipedal locomotion. Our results indicate that the center of pressure (COP) is located more anteriorly in the human foot than in the chimpanzee foot, indicating a larger stability margin in bipedal posture in humans. Physiologically realistic loading conditions of the feet during quiet bipedal standing are simulated. The contacts between the bones and between the foot and ground are solved using frictionless and Coulomb friction contact algorithms, respectively. The ligaments and plantar fascia are represented by tension-only spring elements. Foot bones and the outer surface of the foot are extracted from computer tomography images and meshed with tetrahedral elements. To comparatively investigate the morphological adaptation of the human foot for achieving robust and efficient bipedal locomotion, we develop three-dimensional finite element models of the human and chimpanzee feet. 6Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.5Department of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.4Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan.3Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.2Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.Kohta Ito 1,2 †, Tomoya Nakamura 1 †, Ryo Suzuki 1 †, Takuo Negishi 1,3, Motoharu Oishi 4, Takeo Nagura 5, Masahiro Jinzaki 6 and Naomichi Ogihara 1,3* |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |